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Protective headgear – like Halos® headbands for concussions and sub-concussions – helps reduce the impact of head injuries, lowering the risk of concussions and sub-concussions.

Reducing the risks from sub-concussions is crucial. These impacts occur 500 times more frequently than concussions, and are responsible for the development of neurodegenerative diseases like CTE.

Yes, concussions have a significant impact on early mortality.

People with concussions were found to be twice as likely to die prematurely than the general population, with suicide and fatal injuries as the main causes of death [12].

Repetitive, sub-concussive impacts (i.e. impacts that do not produce overt signs or symptoms) cause damage to the brain when experienced repeatedly, and research proves that these lead to neurodegeneration later in life.

It is not possible to define a single time window for recovery after brain injury [13].

Brain injuries take longer to heal for players who continue to play following a concussion, and these players have worse recovery outcomes. Players with concussions continuing to play can have twice as long a recovery as players who were immediately removed from play [15].

Wearing Halos® reduces the risk of brain injury.

By wearing Halos® consistently in training and games, it is designed to reduce the accumulated burden of sub-clinical brain injury that triggers longer-term neurodegenerative risks.

No head-worn protection can prevent all risk of brain injury.

Halos® protects the brain, not physical head coverage.

The design of Halos® reduces rotational forces i.e., the dangerous and relevant forces to the brain. It covers the areas of highest rotational injury risk – back, sides and front. These areas of the head are at the highest probability of incurring head injuries in sport.

The top of the head is not covered because an estimated 6% of injuries are to the top of the head and contribute to the lowest rotational forces experienced by the brain. Halos® covers 53% of an adult head surface area.

On impact, the nine layers of Rotection® technology inside Halos® moves in a “zig-zag” motion to absorb up to 30mm of movement, drastically reducing the transmission of rotational forces to the brain.

Three specific layers within Halos® will part deform on impact and convert kinetic energy into heat, with energy being lost. Halos® specifically reduces rotational forces via nine layers moving over each other, with energy lost due to the friction between the layers. Rotection® technology reduces translational and rotational energy both internally within the layered construct and when on the head/scalp, when it moves with the skin with respect to the skull.

When Halos® receives an impact, the brain experiences a reduced amount of kinetic energy.

Halos® protects the brain, World Rugby-approved scrum caps do not.

No. Rezon Halos® is not a scrum cap.

A traditional scrum cap is padded rugby headgear designed primarily to reduce superficial injuries such as cuts, abrasions and cauliflower ear. World Rugby states that approved headgear is not intended or expected to protect against mild traumatic brain injury or skull fracture.

Rezon Halos® is brain protection. It is designed to reduce rotational force transmission to the brain during concussive and sub-concussive impacts. It is also CE / UKCA Category II certified Personal Protective Equipment and has achieved a Virginia Tech 5-star safety rating.

For a detailed comparison, read our article on scrum caps and brain protection.

Rezon Halos® is uniquely a legally certified piece of protective equipment, scrum caps are not.

Yes. Rezon Halos® can be worn in Rugby Union and is already worn by players in schools, clubs and teams across multiple countries.

Halos® is soft, thin, flexible and non-rigid. It does not contain hard parts and is legally certified CE / UKCA Category II Personal Protective Equipment designed for brain protection rather than cuts and abrasions.

In officiated matches, the referee has the final decision under World Rugby Law 4 if they consider an item dangerous or illegal. Halos® is not dangerous, does not contain hard or rigid parts, is legally certified PPE, and is designed to reduce rotational force transmission to the brain during concussive and sub-concussive impacts.

You can read more about the specific risks of concussive and sub-concussive head impacts in triggering later life neurodegenerative consequences in rugby in our guide to brain injury in rugby.

Yes. Rezon Halos® can be worn in Rugby League.

Halos® is soft, thin, flexible and non-rigid. It does not contain hard parts and is legally certified CE / UKCA Category II Personal Protective Equipment designed for brain protection rather than cuts and abrasions.

Rugby League is a contact sport where players can experience concussive and sub-concussive impacts. Rezon Halos® is designed to reduce rotational force transmission to the brain during these impacts.

To understand why rotational force matters in sport-related brain injury, read our brain injury science guide.

Rugby League involves frequent tackles, collisions and head-impact risks. These impacts transmit rotational forces to the brain, which are associated with concussive and sub-concussive brain injury.

Rezon Halos® is designed for brain protection. It is soft, thin, flexible and non-rigid, with no hard parts. It is also legally certified CE / UKCA Category II Personal Protective Equipment and has achieved a Virginia Tech 5-star safety rating.

Halos® is designed to reduce rotational force transmission to the brain, rather than simply protect the scalp from cuts and abrasions.

For more on the specific risks of head impacts in rugby, read our guide to brain injury in rugby.

In an officiated Rugby Union match, the referee has the final decision under World Rugby Law 4 if they consider an item of clothing dangerous or illegal.

That discretion applies to many forms of equipment, including studs, wired bras, clothing, head coverings and protective items. Rezon Halos® is soft, thin, flexible and non-rigid. It does not contain hard parts and is legally certified CE / UKCA Category II Personal Protective Equipment designed for brain protection rather than cuts and abrasions.

The referee’s match-day decision remains final. To understand why Halos® is different from traditional rugby headgear, read our explanation of Rezon Halos® brain protection technology.

You can read more about the specific risks of concussive and sub-concussive head impacts in triggering later life neurodegenerative consequences in rugby in our guide to brain injury in rugby.

Yes, provided the helmet still fits your head and you don’t damage or invalidate the helmet e.g. by removing the inner liner of the helmet.

Note: Hard helmets increase rotational brain trauma, by permitting more frequent and heavier impacts; whilst the skull is protected from fractures, the brain receives the full force of these greater rotational impacts.

Everyone.

Brain injury is an issue for all. It can impact whatever age, position, team, fitness and experience level.

Those with a previous concussion/brain trauma are at an increased risk, as are females and children.

Individuals with pre-existing neurological conditions are advised to consult their doctor before using the product.

A concussion can cause both short- or long-term physical, cognitive, social, and emotional symptoms. These changes may lead to problems with memory, communication, personality changes, and sleep disruption as well as depression.

Concussion symptoms may settle after a short time but may persist over two to four weeks on a gradually-diminishing basis. Yet changes in white matter, brain connections and blood flow can persist a year or more after a concussion.

After a concussion, the sufferer may not recognise or admit that they are having problems. They also may not understand how the symptoms they are experiencing affect their daily activities, and issues may be overlooked by not only the sufferer, but also by family, team members, coaches or medics.

Second Impact Syndrome (SIS) is a serious risk when an individual suffers a further concussive head injury before they have made a complete recovery from an initial concussion. This causes the brain to swell rapidly and catastrophically. The second injury may occur minutes, days, or weeks after an initial concussion, and even the mildest impact can lead to SIS. This is often fatal, and almost everyone who is not killed is severely disabled, especially if a full recovery from the initial concussion has not been made. This condition primarily occurs in school-age children. Given females are twice as likely to sustain a concussion, SIS is of particular concern in female youth sports.

A player should be removed from play as soon as they are suspected of having a concussion and not return to play.

Those who continue playing after are more likely to have a higher number of symptoms [1] and more severe symptoms, compared to those who stopped playing immediately after their injury.

Returning to play too soon can increase the risk of sustaining a further injury and subsequent symptoms, requiring a prolonged period of recovery.

Your brain can still be recovering a year or more after a concussion. Repetitive brain injury can lead to long-term neurodegeneration, such as early-onset dementia (CTE).

Research has also found the more concussion symptoms former National Football League (NFL) players had during their careers, the more likely they were to have been prescribed medication for low testosterone levels or erectile dysfunction (ED) later in life [16].

Even after observable symptoms subside, you are still at risk. Risk after a concussion can last for up to a year.

The risk of Second Impact Syndrome lasts for up to 15 days after an initial concussion [2].

Yes, there is the potential for permanent damage and disability.

The brain is a highly complex organ that can be easily damaged. Head trauma produces short and long-term consequences. Ideally, short-term disruption to the brain and symptoms will subside over hours, days and months without permanent damage. However, each individual recovers differently.

A common perception is that those with brain injury will make a full recovery, but 53% of sufferers have functional limitations at 12 months post-injury [7].

Permanent damage and disability are most likely present in memory, concentration, and slowed thinking [8].

Slower recovery is observed in females, who identified persistent working memory impairment at 10 weeks post-injury [9].

There is no known safe threshold tolerance for trauma to the brain and repetitive impacts to the brain, or if a certain number of impacts leads to later-life brain degeneration. This means that there is a real risk of permanently damaging your brain from head impacts.

Yes and this can impact your ability to work and study.

Research has found that 43% of concussed patients were unable to attend ordinary work five years post-injury [10]. The odds of not attending ordinary work increased from six months to five years post-injury [11].

Whilst concussive brain injury may be apparent instantly and present in symptoms and disability, the damage from repetitive sub-concussive brain injury over many years may not present until years later.

There is no safe threshold tolerance for rotational forces in the brain.

The largest longitudinal study has found those experiencing three or more concussions have worse brain function in later life, with attention and completion of complex tasks particularly affected. Those who had four or more concussion episodes also showed worsened processing speed and working memory. Each additional reported concussion was linked to progressively worse cognitive function. Even just one concussion can have a long-term impact on brain function, including memory [17].

Cumulative damage from linear accelerations and rotational accelerations are significantly associated with developing CTE. Every additional estimated 1,000,000 rad/s2 cumulative rotational acceleration is associated with 22% increased odds of being diagnosed with CTE [18].

It’s more a question of how little brain trauma is in fact too much.

No.

Halos® contains only materials that have been extensively and independently tested for environmental change factors. This includes temperatures from -30 to +70 oC, relative humidity, sweat, material aging, shrinkage, water absorption, colourfastness, contaminants, and ultra-violet radiation. CE certification requires this level of testing evidence.

Viscoelastic foam can reduce rotational forces, but it offers reduced brain protection compared with smarter designs specifically to reduce rotational force transmission.

Higher-density, viscoelastic, open-cell foams dissipate energy through deformation and viscous air movement within the foam structure [22]. These materials can reduce peak rotational velocity (PRV) and maximal principal strain (MPS), which are commonly used biomechanical measures associated with brain injury risk [23].

However, most conventional rugby headguards are constructed from a single thin layer (typically 10 mm) of lightweight, closed-cell foam and are restricted by World Rugby Regulation 12 to a maximum density of 45 kg/m³ [19]. These design constraints significantly limit their ability to meaningfully reduce rotational forces.

Layered viscoelastic foam designs represent an improvement over traditional padding, but independent testing shows their limitations. Testing by the Virginia Tech Helmet Lab demonstrates that N-Pro, a layered viscoelastic foam-based headgear, reduces rotational forces by approximately 34%.

By contrast, Rezon Halos® uses a proprietary multi-layered system incorporating higher-density foam (125–175 kg/m³) and independently moving layers designed specifically to reduce rotational force transmission. Virginia Tech testing shows Rezon Halos® reduces rotational forces by at least 60%, reflecting a fundamental difference in design intent and biomechanical performance.

Rezon is currently near-exclusively online as a direct-to-consumer brand.

We’re currently working with a handful of select retailers across the globe and will have a retail location page coming soon. If you are a retailer, contact us for more information.

We are looking for a limited number of retail partners.

Just like our product, we think differently when it comes to our retail partners. We see our partners as an extension of our team.

If you’re passionate about brain health, our brand, and believe your retail location would be a great fit, please get in touch with your expression of interest by emailing trade@rezonwear.com

It is not possible to define a single time window for recovery after brain injury [13]. But changes in your brain can continue for 12 months or more after a concussion.

While symptoms may reduce over time, the brain takes longer to heal than the duration of observed symptoms. White matter differences persist beyond the point when concussed sports players are cleared to return to play and are asymptomatic [14].

No. The most commonly accepted opinion [6] is that current and conventional headguards provide no protection against concussion, and they were not designed to do so.

World Rugby approved headguards/scrum caps are padded head and ear coverings designed to protect players from ‘…only injuries that are cuts and abrasions‘ encountered when in contact with other players or the ground during play. ‘With limited impact acceleration attenuation properties, they are not intended nor expected to protect against any form of mild traumatic brain injury or skull fractures[19]. They are not intended to be medical devices and under the Borderline Manual [20] recognised by the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and EU Commission, cannot be classified as such.

Rezon understands brain injury, and Halos® is designed based on the latest science around protective headgear.

Recovery varies, but most people appear to recover within four weeks of a concussion. However, 15% – 30% of individuals develop Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms (PPCS) and endure an extended recovery time with cognitive, behavioural and emotional difficulties. This can last for months to years.

PPCS symptoms vary from person to person, but common symptoms include:

  • Headaches
  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness
  • Cognitive difficulties
  • Emotional changes

These can significantly impact a person’s everyday life and individuals with PPCS are at greater risk of experiencing depressive symptoms. The most common PPCS outcomes [3] measured for sports concussion were depression and cognitive functioning (e.g. memory, poor concentration, longer processing time, frustration, irritability).

Females experience more significant post-concussion issues and a longer period of recovery post-concussion. Post-concussion anxiety and depression are widely recognised as more prevalent in females than males by 2:1 [4].

Certain symptoms also appear to be more prevalent in women, particularly headaches, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, and concentration problems [5].

Even after observable symptoms subside, you are still at risk. Risk after a concussion can last for up to a year [21].

The risk of Second Impact Syndrome lasts for up to 15 days after an initial concussion [2].

Yes.

If you play sports, you are at risk of sub-concussive impacts to the head. This is what can cause injury to the brain, and increases the risk of long-term neurodegenerative diseases, including CTE.

Repetitive, sub-concussive impacts (i.e. impacts that do not produce overt signs or symptoms) cause damage to the brain when experienced repeatedly.

The brain defines and differentiates performance in the game of sport, and life. Protect your performance now.

No. The minimalist and discrete profile of Halos® does not change the nature of sport (e.g. head-to-ball contact performance, power and accuracy), and the product operates across different environmental conditions.

A key design principle in developing Halos® was to reduce any false confidence when wearing Halos® or harming other players.

A textured silicon grip on the inner lining ensures that Halos® remains securely in place.

Halos® has been extensively user tested across different sports to optimise the silicon gripping design, and the design and ergonomics were also tested as part of CE testing.

It is important to wear the correct size of Halos®. Visit our size guide for more information.

Halos® protects the brain, whereas a scrum cap/headguard protects the surface of the head from cuts/grazes and protects the ears.

So the protection choice is the brain versus the head.

There are two types of brain injury whatever the sport and level: concussion and sub-concussion.

The frequency of sub-concussions is 500x that of concussions; the forces received to the head for a sub-concussion are 2-3x less; and a player does not get any symptoms of sub-concussion. Head-to-head, ground, ball, knee, and post (etc.) impacts all create sub-concussions.

Multiple sub-concussions over the years damage brain cells and tear the tiny vessels around the nerves in the brain, creating abnormal inflammatory processes, which eventually become harmful. This is the start of the process causing CTE, whereby toxic tau protein in the brain is very gradually killing brain cells. So as brain protection, Halos® is focused on reducing sub-concussions.

It’s specifically about rotational forces on the brain. Halos® reduces rotational acceleration and therefore force by c.60%. An opportunity to reduce continual sub-concussive rotational forces by c.60% makes total sense for every player. More so, given the risk to children who start to play contact sports before age 12 and grow up to have poorer cognitive performance than their matched peers who started after the age of 12 years, then reducing as much rotational forces as possible to a child’s brain really is a key consideration as a parent, guardian, or coach.

Halos® is the only legal CE PPE product of its type with a focus on sub-concussion reduction, and has proven to reduce rotational forces. Halos® protects more than a scrum cap/headguard.

Always choose the smaller size.

Halos® should be a secure, snug fit on the head. For further information, view our size guide.

Halos® will last a minimum of a full season, this can depend on how you care for the product.

Halos® should be replaced 24 months from first use, and replaced immediately if it becomes damaged. Please inspect and check Halos® before each use.

Halos® has a shelf-life of five years after the date of manufacture.

Rezon is committed to reducing our environmental impact and increased sustainability, all of which have informed the design, components and manufacturing choices of Halos®.

To recycle Halos®, please contact us at recycle@rezonwear.com

Halos® can be used to alleviate medical conditions such as autism, epilepsy, seizures, Alzheimer’s disease, Tourette syndrome, post-surgical procedures, or other conditions where cognitive impairment or reduced mental capacity present a risk of self-harm or repeated impacts suffered through unintentional movement or compulsive behaviour.

While Halos® intended purpose in a medical setting is to limit the cumulative effect of the disease CTE or injury that will exacerbate other medical conditions, it does not require a registration with the MHRA as a medical device.

The CE mark indicates that a product is compliant with the relevant EU legislation. The UKCA mark indicates that a product is compliant with the relevant UK legislation.

It is illegal to place any protective headwear or medical device on the UK and European product market for sale without complying with the relevant regulations. As PPE, Halos® requires an EU or UK-Type Examination Certificate issued by an Approved or Notified Body, respectively.

Rezon Halos® is the first and only legally approved protective headband of its type in the UK and Europe having secured Category II PPE certification and is legally approved to use the CE and UKCA mark.

No. Rezon Halos® is not World Rugby-approved headgear because it does not sit within World Rugby’s current headgear specification. World Rugby’s current approval framework is not designed to approve brain protection.

World Rugby-approved headgear is padded head and ear covering designed for superficial injuries such as cuts and abrasions. World Rugby states that their approved headgear has limited impact attenuation properties and is not intended or expected to protect against mild traumatic brain injury or skull fracture.

Rezon Halos® is different. Rezon Halos® is legally certified CE / UKCA Category II Personal Protective Equipment designed for brain protection to reduce concussion and sub-concussion risk, rather than cuts and abrasions. No World Rugby-approved headguard holds both a Virginia Tech 5-star safety rating and CE / UKCA Category II PPE certification, as Rezon Halos® does.

World Rugby approval also excludes Halos® because it falls outside the requirement to cover the crown of the head. For more context on how governing-body approval differs from certified brain protection under domestic and EU law, read our guide to governing body approval and brain protection in sport.

No. World Rugby approval and CE / UKCA PPE certification are different frameworks.

World Rugby approval relates to what fits within Rugby Union’s current participation and equipment rules. CE / UKCA PPE certification relates to the legal requirements for protective equipment placed on the UK and EU market, including conformity assessment, product marking and information supplied with the product.

Rezon Halos® is not World Rugby-approved headgear because it offers a level of protection beyond the World Rugby standard. Rezon Halos® is CE / UKCA Category II certified Personal Protective Equipment designed for brain protection. No World Rugby-approved headguard holds both a Virginia Tech 5-star rating and CE / UKCA Category II PPE certification as Rezon Halos® does.

Most World Rugby-approved rugby headguards do not hold CE / UKCA Category II PPE certification. CE / UKCA PPE certification is the legal certification framework for protective equipment in the UK and Europe. Separately, although many rugby headguards have been tested using Virginia Tech methodology, no World Rugby-approved rugby headguard has publicly declared a Virginia Tech 4- or 5-star safety rating, the level Virginia Tech recommends for use and reducing concussion risk. Rezon Halos® holds both CE / UKCA Category II PPE certification and a Virginia Tech 5-star rating.

For more detail on how product legal PPE certification differs from sporting approval, read our guide to governing body approval and brain protection in sport.

World Rugby Regulation 12 sets the specification for rugby headgear that may be approved under World Rugby rules.

It is not a brain protection standard. World Rugby states that approved headgear is only designed for superficial injuries such as cuts and abrasions, and is not intended or expected to protect against mild traumatic brain injury or skull fracture.

Rezon Halos® falls outside this headgear category given its protective capability. That means Halos® cannot qualify for approval as World Rugby headgear under the current specification. It does not mean Halos® lacks independent testing, PPE certification or brain-protection value. Rezon Halos® is CE/UKCA Category II PPE safety certified and 5-star rated by Virginia Tech Helmet Lab. 

For a broader explanation of this distinction, read our guide to governing body approval and brain protection in sport.

Rezon Halos® is not World Rugby-approved because it does not fit World Rugby’s current headgear specification. World Rugby’s current approval framework is not designed to approve brain protection. Rezon Halos® is legally certified CE / UKCA Category II Personal Protective Equipment designed for brain protection rather than cuts and abrasions.

Also World Rugby-approved headgear must cover the crown of the head. Rezon Halos® does not cover the crown, so it falls outside the headgear category.

Halos® is not excluded because it contains hard or dangerous parts. It is soft, thin, flexible and non-rigid.

For more context on the difference between sporting approval and certified protective equipment, read our guide to governing body approval and brain protection in sport.

Yes, Halos® is FIFA Rule 4 compliant.

Currently, we handle distribution in-house to maintain a close relationship with our retailers and the core brand.

However, as our business grows and our strategy evolves, we are open to exploring distribution partnerships.

Please get in touch with your expression of interest by emailing trade@rezonwear.com

Thank you for your interest in working with Rezon. Please tell us about yourself, including your social accounts, websites/blogs, number of follows, reach, engagement numbers etc.

Enquires should be sent to hello@rezonwear.com. Due to volume of enquiries, we will only get back to those we think are the perfect fit for our current projects.

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  2. Dysautoregulation/second-impact syndrome with recurrent athletic head injury. Cantu RC. (2016), World Neurosurg.
  3. Sex differences in baseline neuropsychological and concussion symptoms of collegiate athletes, Covassin, T. et al. (2006), British Journal of Sports Medicine.
  4. Suicide in women, Vijayakumar, L. (2015) Indian Journal of Psychiatry
  5. Sex differences in neuropsychological function and post-concussion symptoms of concussed collegiate athletes, Covassin, T., Schatz, P. and Swanik, C.B. (2007), Neurosurgery.
  6. Consensus statement on sports-related concussions in youth sports using a modified Delphi approach. Rivara FP , Tennyson R , Mills B , et al (2020)JAMA Pediatr
  7. Recovery After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Patients Presenting to US Level I Trauma Centers: A Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) Study. Nelson LD, Temkin NR, Dikmen S, et al. (2019) JAMA Neurol.
  8. TRACK-TBI Investigators. Symptom Frequency and Persistence in the First Year after Traumatic Brain Injury: A TRACK-TBI Study. J Neurotrauma. Barber J, Hwang P, Boase K, Stein MB, Sun X, Giacino J, McCrea MA, Taylor SR, Jain S, Manley G. (2022).
  9. Sex Differences in Working Memory after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Functional MR Imaging Study, Hsu, H.-L. et al. (2015).
  10. Labour market attachment after mild traumatic brain injury: nationwide cohort study with 5-year register follow-up in Denmark. Graff HJ, Siersma V, Møller A, Kragstrup J, Andersen LL, Egerod I, Malá Rytter H. (2019) BMJ Open.
  11. Premorbid risk factors influencing labour market attachment after mild traumatic brain injury: a national register study with long-term follow-up Graff HJ, Siersma V, Møller A, et al, (2019) BMJ Open.
  12. Suicide, fatal injuries, and other causes of premature mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury: a 41-year Swedish population study. Fazel S, Wolf A, Pillas D, Lichtenstein P, Långström N. (2014) JAMA Psychiatry.
  13. What is the physiological time to recovery after concussion? A systematic review, Kamins, J. et al. (2017) ‘British Journal of Sports Medicine.
  14. Longitudinal white-matter abnormalities in sports-related concussion: A diffusion MRI study. Wu YC, Harezlak J, Elsaid NMH, Lin Z, Wen Q, Mustafi SM, Riggen LD, Koch KM, Nencka AS, Meier TB, Mayer AR, Wang Y, Giza CC, DiFiori JP, Guskiewicz KM, Mihalik JP, LaConte SM, Duma SM, Broglio SP, Saykin AJ, McCrea MA, McAllister TW. (2020) Neurology.
  15. Preliminary Evidence of a Dose-Response for Continuing to Play on Recovery Time After Concussion. (Charek DB, Elbin RJ, Sufrinko A, Schatz P, D’Amico NR, Collins MW, Kontos AP. (2020) J Head Trauma Rehabil.
  16. Concussions Linked With Erectile Dysfunction in Football Player Study. Abbasi J (2020) JAMA.
  17. Lifetime Traumatic Brain Injury and Cognitive Domain Deficits in Late Life: The PROTECT-TBI Cohort Study. Matthew J. Lennon, Helen Brooker, Byron Creese, Tony Thayanandan, Grant Rigney, Dag Aarsland, Adam Hampshire, Clive Ballard, Anne Corbett, and Vanessa Raymont (2023).
  18. Leveraging football accelerometer data to quantify associations between repetitive head impacts and chronic traumatic encephalopathy in males, Daneshvar DH, Nair ES, Baucom ZH, Rasch A, Abdolmohammadi B, Uretsky M, Saltiel N, Shah A, Jarnagin J, Baugh CM, Martin BM, Palmisano JN, Cherry JD, Alvarez VE, Huber BR, Weuve J, Nowinski CJ, Cantu RC, Zafonte RD, Dwyer B, Crary JF, Goldstein LE, Kowall NW, Katz DI, Stern RA, Tripodis Y, Stein TD, McClean MD, Alosco ML, McKee AC, Mez J, 2023
  19. Headgear Specification, World Rugby.
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  21. Post-Concussion Brain Changes Relative to Pre-Injury White Matter and Cerebral Blood Flow, NW Churchill, MG Hutchison, SJ Graham, TA Schweizer, 2025
  22. Compressive response of polymeric foams under quasi-static, medium and high strain rate conditions. Ouellet S, Cronin D, Worswick M. Polym Test. 2006;25:731–43.
  23. Potential of Soft-Shelled Rugby Headgear to Lower Regional Brain Strain Metrics During Standard Drop Tests. Springer Nature Link.